• States and their International Relations Since 1816: Introducing Version 2 of the International System(s) Dataset (ISD) 

      Butcher, Charles; Griffiths, Ryan (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2020)
      We introduce version 2 of the International System(s) Dataset (ISD), a register of sovereign states across the 1816–2016 period that include numerous states that are missed in commonly used datasets like the Correlates of ...
    • Three Forms of Heteronomy 

      Butcher, Charles; Griffiths, Ryan (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2021)
      It is thought that political order in premodern Europe was characterized by overlapping and crosscutting forms of authority. Scholars have called this heteronomy, arguing that it preceded and may follow the modern sovereign ...
    • War, Interaction Capacity and the Structures of State Systems 

      Butcher, Charles; Griffiths, Ryan (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2020)
      How have the structures of state systems varied over time and space? We outline a game theoretic model of the decision by political units to accept offers of graded sovereignty from imperial centers. We conceptualize four ...